Don Giuseppe Mercalli: un sacerdote sismologo

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Mai si è parlato tanto di terremoti e di sismicità in Italia quanto forse negli ultimi mesi. E d’altra parte autori fin troppo celebrati come Piergiorgio Odifreddi continuano a sostenere l’incompatibilità tra fede religiosa e vocazione scientifica, incompatibilità che evidentemente non tiene conto né dell’epistemologia né della storia della scienza. Si vedano a tal proposito i documentati libri pubblicati da Francesco Agnoli in cui i grandi nomi della scienza europea e occidentale appaiono molto spesso legati alla fede cattolica e comunque lontani dal materialismo e dallo scetticismo (cf. Scienziati dunque credenti, Cantagalli, 2012; Scienziati in tonaca, La Fontana di Siloe, 2013; Albert Einstein, ESD, 2015; L’uomo che poteva costruire la bomba, Gondolin, 2016).

Molti conoscono la Scala Mercalli per la misurazione dei terremoti, ma pochissimi conoscono la biografia di un uomo che può considerarsi il padre della sismologia e della vulcanologia scientifica, il sacerdote italiano Giuseppe Mercalli.

Terzo di cinque fratelli, Mercalli nacque a Milano il 21 maggio del 1850 da una agiata famiglia di commercianti. Dopo la prima educazione ricevuta da vari precettori domestici, intraprese la carriera ecclesiastica, frequentando i seminari di Monza e di Milano. Fu ordinato prete a soli 21 anni di età (1872), e fin da subito si caratterizzò per il desiderio dell’approfondimento scientifico e per la ricerca, specie sulle problematiche del globo terrestre. Conseguì così a soli 24 anni la Laurea in Scienze naturali (1874).

A Milano fu allievo dell’abate Antonio Stoppani (1821-1891), illustre scienziato e geologo, che scrisse il notissimo, al tempo, Corso di geologia (in 3 volumi) e che fu perfino il primo presidente del Club Alpino Italiano. Ma i meriti e i primati degli ecclesiastici vengono spesso oscurati oggi… Lo Stoppani intuì ben presto la genialità del suo studente e spinse il giovane Mercalli a studiare i ghiacciai. Il lavoro di Mercalli fu così superiore alle attese del maestro che la carriera scientifica di don Giuseppe era ormai assicurata.

Don Mercalli si mise così ad insegnare scienze in quei seminari ove era stato studente. Per moltissimi anni, quasi fino alla sua inattesa morte del 1914, fu professore di Liceo, specie a Reggio Calabria e a Napoli, città che scelse una per la vicinanza con il Vesuvio e l’altra per l’intuita sismicità della zona calabrese, confermata dal terremoto di Messina – Reggio Calabria del 1908.

Nel 1883 pubblicò il volume Vulcani e fenomeni vulcanici in Italia in cui forniva una mappatura generale di tutti i vulcani noti, accesi, quiescenti o spenti, redigendo da vero precursore una carta d’Italia sulla base delle sismicità storicamente documentate. Tale mappa fu un vero capolavoro e rimane fino ad oggi un modello nel suo genere: per essa e per le successive pubblicazioni scientifiche del Nostro, che superano i 100 saggi, il Mercalli può considerarsi un fondatore ed anche un anticipatore, e per merito suo per decenni la sismologia internazionale parlò italiano.

Nello stesso 1883, vi fu il terremoto di Casamicciola sull’isola di Ischia. Mercalli vi si recò in fretta e furia, lo studiò con rara competenza e pubblicò vari saggi sul tema, ricevendo grande stima a livello sia nazionale che internazionale, mostrandosi tra i migliori esperti al mondo anche nel campo dei terremoti, oltre che in quello dei vulcani. Terremoti e vulcani, non lo abbandonarono mai più e lo studioso visse in funzione di essi.

In questi anni intensi di lavoro, il Mercalli trovò il tempo di pubblicare vari testi ad uso dei Licei e delle Facoltà scientifiche come Elementi di botanica e di zoologia generale (1884), Elementi di geografia fisica (1885), Elementi di mineralogia e di geologia (1885).

Il Mercalli, di tendenze rosminiane nella spiritualità, ebbe nel 1887 uno scontro, non ben chiarito a tutt’oggi, con le gerarchie cattoliche che al tempo si mostravano piuttosto critiche sulla filosofia del roveretano, notandone le ambiguità teoriche e le possibili ricadute politiche filo-liberali. Leone XIII quindi, nel contesto del rilancio della filosofia di san Tommaso, la filosofia che meglio sa armonizzare scienza e fede, con il Decreto Post obitum (1888) condannò 40 proposizioni filosofiche estratte dalle opere di Antonio Rosmini. Ma questo senza peraltro disconoscere la sincera pietà del Rosmini (espressa da opere insigni come le Massime di perfezione cristiana) e senza neppure sopprimere l’Istituto della Carità da lui fondato, istituto che si sottomise alla condanna e continuò a prosperare e a fare del bene. Il sacerdote Mercalli avendo apposto la sua firma alla proposta di innalzare un monumento al Rosmini fu quindi allontanato dall’insegnamento nei seminari lombardi. Ma il medesimo sacerdote proprio in quegli anni, in cui la sua fama era in forte crescita, fu nominato docente di sismologia e vulcanologia prima all’Università di Catania e poi presso quella di Napoli. Anche la prestigiosa Pontificia Accademia dei Lincei lo volle, inviandolo in Andalusia per studiare i terremoti che a fine 800 devastarono la regione.

L’esperienza che si fece negli ultimi 20 anni del XIX secolo nell’osservazione di terremoti, maremoti ed esplosioni vulcaniche lo spinse ad elaborare una nuova scala di intensità dei terremoti, la notissima Scala Mercalli in 10 gradi: dal più lieve al più forte, e ciò sulla base dei danni recati all’ambiente e agli edifici. Tale Scala, innovativa e assai più empirica di quelle precedenti fu adottata rapidamente quasi ovunque, dall’Italia all’America. Mercalli però, dopo il tremendo terremoto che distrusse Messina nel 1908 e che produsse uno zunami ante litteram sulle cose siciliane e calabresi, aggiunse altri due gradi alla sua scala l’undicesimo e il dodicesimo per i terremoti particolarmente distruttivi (definiti catastrofico e ultracatastrofico).

Nel 1907 pubblicò il volume I vulcani attivi della terra, in cui, con primato assoluto ed eccellente documentazione storica, descrive minuziosamente 213 vulcani del pianeta. Queste opere gli meriteranno nel 1912 di diventare direttore dell’Osservatorio vesuviano di Napoli, un osservatorio le cui origini risalgono ad un ente di ricerca della stessa natura istituito dei Borboni. Mercalli, visse i suoi ultimi anni in un appartamentino di soli 10 metri quadrati, scelto appositamente per la sua posizione e la sua vicinanza al Vesuvio.

Il Nostro dalla sua finestra osservava le condizioni meteorologiche e ascendeva, non più giovanissimo, sul monte Vesuvio, portandosi a casa campioni di roccia per corroborare i suoi studi. Ancora oggi si possono reperire le fotografie che lo stesso Mercalli realizzò del vulcano e di molte altre sue spedizioni scientifiche di interesse sismologico e geofisico (in Liguria per esempio, nelle Eolie o in Piemonte).

Meno nota la Sindrome Mercalli ovvero l’insieme di quei sintomi che colpiscono gli animali poco prima dello scoppio dei terremoti, sintomi documentati che danno luogo a nausee, vomito, malessere, etc.

Poco prima di morire, fu nominato dal Re, Cavaliere della Corona d’Italia per meriti scientifici.

Mercalli morirà a Napoli nel 1914 a causa di un incendio dovuto o ad alcuni esperimenti domestici che conduceva o ai sigari che usava consumare. Alcuni ipotizzano perfino che le gelosie dei molti colleghi che non lo sopportavano, potrebbero spiegare meglio la morte dello studioso.

E’ l’evidenza storica che ci dice, anche attraverso la vita di un Mercalli, che tra la fede e la scienza non può esserci, in sé e per sé, alcuna opposizione, come non c’è opposizione o contraddizione tra la natura e la grazia, tra il naturale e il sovrannaturale, né tra Dio e l’uomo, uomo che è destinato dalla sua stessa natura di essere razionale a conoscere il mondo e a riconoscerne il Creatore.

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Autore: Fabrizio Cannone

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